Mathematical Symbols

This page is one of several which lists and displays character encoding for use in web pages.  The index below gives access to the appropriate page for groups of characters.

Special Symbols

HTML and XHTML and programming languages used on web pages, such as JavaScript, reserve special characters for defined functions.  Escape sequences are required whenever such characters have to be displayed on the page as normal text.

In the following table:

• The column headed "Display" reproduces the symbol.  When there is both a numeric coding and a code name available, both are used.  If both are correctly reproduced, this will confirm that the browser being used for viewing implements both coding options.
• The column headed "Entity ref" contains the memorable code name defined for many common characters and symbols.  This can be used instead of the decimal or hex alternative.
• The column headed "Decimal" shows the text string to include in the HTML page when five-digit decimal numeric coding is used.  Note that leading zeros may be omitted from the decimal representation.
• The final column headed "Hex" shows the text string to include in the HTML page when four-character hex coding is used.

The following list is in order of the greek alphabet, showing for each letter the upper-case followed by the lower-case variant.